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Kamis, 22 Maret 2012

Economic Value Added (EVA) – Literature Review and Relevant Issues

Maximizing shareholders value has become the new corporate paradigm in recent years. The Corporates, which gave the lowest preference to shareholders curiosity, are now bestowing the utmost preference to it. Shareholder’s wealth is measured in terms of returns they receive on their investment. It can either be in forms of dividends or in the form of capital appreciation or both. Capital appreciation depends on the changes in the market value of the stocks. The market value of stocks depends upon number of factors ranging from company specific to market specific. Financial information is used by various stakeholders to assess firm’s current performance and to forecast the future as well.
The empirical studies highlight that there is no single accounting measure which explains the variability in the shareholders wealth (Chen and Dodd, 1997; Rogerson, 1997). Any financial measures used in assessing firm’s performance must be highly correlated with shareholders wealth and on the other hand should not be subjected to randomness inherent in it. Traditional performance measures such as NOPAT, EPS, ROI, ROE etc. have been criticized due to their inability to incorporate full cost of capital thereby accounting income is not a consistent
predictor of firm value and cannot be used for measuring corporate performance. Value based management system has gained popularity in academic literature in last two decades. One such innovation in the field of internal and external performance measurement is EVA. (Note 1)
Pioneered and advocated by US based business consultant Stern Stewart and company argue that EVA can be used instead of earnings or cash from operations as measures of both internal and external performance. “Abandon earnings per share”, “Earnings, earnings per share, and earnings growth are misleading measures of corporate performance” and “The best practical periodic performance measure is EVA” (Stewart 1991). Further to support his hypothesis that EVA is a better performance measures than other performance measures Stewart (1994) cites in-house research indicating that “EVA stands well out from the crowd as the single best measures of value creation on continuous basis”. He further remarks that ‘EVA is almost 50% better than accounting based measures in explaining changes in the shareholders wealth”.
 Apart from this popular study, support for EVA has been acknowledged from other sources, Fortune, which regularly publishes EVA performance rating since 1993 has acknowledged EVA under different notations “today’s hottest financial idea”, “The Real way to creating wealth” and “A new way to find Bargains”. Proponents of EVA have made following principles claims about EVA:
1) EVA helps in reducing Agency conflict and improve decision making (Costigan & Lovata, 2002; Biddle et al. 1999 )
2) EVA is more strongly associated with stock return than other measures. (Maditinos et al., 2006; Lehen and Makhija,1997)
3) EVA Improves Stock Performance (Ferguson et al., 2005)
4) EVA adds more informational content in explaining stock returns (Erasmus, 2008; Chen and Dodd, 1997; Kim, 2006; Palliam, 2006)
5) EVA and Market Value are correlated (Lefkowitz, 1999; O’Byrne, 1996; Uyemura, 1996; Peterson and Peterson, 1996). Before proceeding further on the concept, let us first understand the concept of EVA.

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